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1.Climate as a Public Interest in Planning and Zoning
2.Characteristics and Forms of the Urban Climate
3.Energy-Conscious Planning and Zoning
4.Methods of Information Acquisition for Planning (Measurements, Wind Tunnels, Numerical Modelling)
4.1Measurements
4.1.1Stationary Measurements
4.1.2Measurements with mobile measurement devices
4.1.3Tracer Experiments
4.1.4Vertical Soundings
4.2Wind Tunnel
4.2.1Overview
4.2.2Operation and Investigation Methods
4.2.2.1Visualization of flows and pollutant dispersion by smoke
4.2.2.2Wind Velocity Measurements
4.2.2.3Measurement of Concentration Distribution in Dispersal Experiments
4.2.3Locations of Wind Tunnels
4.3Numerical Modelling of Flow and Transport Processes
4.3.1The Wind Field Model DIWIMO
4.3.2The Cold-Air Flow Model KALM and KLAM 21
4.3.3The Model STREET for Estimating Traffic-Produced Pollution
4.3.4The Model MLuS-02 for Calculating Pollutant Dispersal
on Roads Without Dense Peripheral Development
4.3.5The Model PROKAS for Calculating Air Pollution on Roads
4.3.6The Micro-Scale Model MISKAM
4.3.7Mesoscale Terrain Climatic Models
4.3.8The Urban Climate Models RayMan , ENVI-met and MUKLIMO_3
5.Climatic and Air Hygiene Maps as Aids for Planning and Zoning (Example: Climate Atlas Federation Region Stuttgart)
6.Recommendations for Planning
7.Bibliography
8.Thematic Websites
Imprint
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METHODS OF INFORMATION ACQUISITION FOR PLANNING (MEASUREMENTS, WIND TUNNELS, NUMERICAL MODELLING)
   
 4.2.2.3 Measurement of Concentration Distribution in Dispersal Experiments

For a quantitative determination of air pollutants in the wind tunnel, tracer gases like CO2, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) or HC are used to simulate pollutant sources. Samples are taken at the desired immission measuring points and analysed in order to determine the concentrations depending on other parameters like wind direction and wind speed. Analytical equipment like the fast FID (using HC as tracer) allows for a high temporal resolution of the concentrations (Figure 4/13).

Generally, boundary layer wind tunnels can only simulate neutral thermal stratifications of the atmosphere. This restriction especially concerns the examination of nocturnal cold-air flows.

  
 
 
Fig. 4/13: Cannula of a fast-FID in the HH model, Source : University of Hamburg , Institute for Meteorology