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1.Climate as a Public Interest in Planning and Zoning
2.Characteristics and Forms of the Urban Climate
3.Energy-Conscious Planning and Zoning
4.Methods of Information Acquisition for Planning (Measurements, Wind Tunnels, Numerical Modelling)
4.1Measurements
4.1.1Stationary Measurements
4.1.2Measurements with mobile measurement devices
4.1.3Tracer Experiments
4.1.4Vertical Soundings
4.2Wind Tunnel
4.2.1Overview
4.2.2Operation and Investigation Methods
4.2.2.1Visualization of flows and pollutant dispersion by smoke
4.2.2.2Wind Velocity Measurements
4.2.2.3Measurement of Concentration Distribution in Dispersal Experiments
4.2.3Locations of Wind Tunnels
4.3Numerical Modelling of Flow and Transport Processes
4.3.1The Wind Field Model DIWIMO
4.3.2The Cold-Air Flow Model KALM and KLAM 21
4.3.3The Model STREET for Estimating Traffic-Produced Pollution
4.3.4The Model MLuS-02 for Calculating Pollutant Dispersal
on Roads Without Dense Peripheral Development
4.3.5The Model PROKAS for Calculating Air Pollution on Roads
4.3.6The Micro-Scale Model MISKAM
4.3.7Mesoscale Terrain Climatic Models
4.3.8The Urban Climate Models RayMan , ENVI-met and MUKLIMO_3
5.Climatic and Air Hygiene Maps as Aids for Planning and Zoning (Example: Climate Atlas Federation Region Stuttgart)
6.Recommendations for Planning
7.Bibliography
8.Thematic Websites
Imprint
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METHODS OF INFORMATION ACQUISITION FOR PLANNING (MEASUREMENTS, WIND TUNNELS, NUMERICAL MODELLING)
   
 4.2.2.1 Visualization of flows and pollutant dispersion by smoke

Smoke is blown into the boundary layer through special inlets to visualise the flow. Special changes in the flow, e.g. wake eddies, can so be distinguished (Figure. 4/10a and Figure 4/10b).

Smoke can also be blown through potential pollutant sources (like a chimney) in order to visualise the dispersion of the pollutants. The dispersion of the smoke within the area under investigation as well as its dilution are visualised and can be photographed or videotaped. Quantitative conclusions on the concentrations are not possible however. But the method can be very useful for a general illustration of this kind of problem.

 
 
 
Fig. 4/10a: Follow-up zone of a building in a wind tunnel , with smoke visible , Source: Engineering Office Theurer
 

Fig. 4/10b: Vertical flow field of a building in a wind tunnel, with smoke visible, Source: University of Karlsruhe , Institute for Hydromechanics
Flow field as animation